作者 主题: 【简易翻译】注意!克苏鲁 调查员指南【第四章】  (阅读 20291 次)

副标题: 为国家服务

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第四章(CHAPTER 4)
为国家服务(In the Service of One’s Country)
“您的任务将不是一件容易的事。 您的敌人训练有素,装备精良,而且战斗坚强。 他将进行野蛮的战斗。” -德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔
(“Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, well equipped, and battle hardened. He will fight savagely.” - Dwight D. Eisenhower)
一个人在战时为国家服务的方式有很多种。他们可以成为军队的一部分,愿意在战场上为国捐躯,也可以对敌人发动更隐蔽的战争,一场监视和破坏的战争。还有那些留下来的人,他们在国内设置路障,保护家园。本章概述了秘密战争期间军事、情报和辅助服务的结构。关于武装部队和特勤局的更深入的细节可以在《注意!克苏鲁:秘密战争的守密人指南》中找到。
(There are many ways a person can serve their country in time of war. They can become part of the military, willing to die for their country on the battlefield, or they can wage a more covert war against the enemy, one of surveillance and sabotage. And then there are those who stay behind, man-ning the domestic barricades and preserving the home. This chapter gives an overview of the structures of the military, intelligence, and auxiliary services operational during the Secret War. More in-depth detail on the armed forces and secret services can be found in Achtung! Cthulhu: the Keeper’s Guide to the Secret War.)

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正在服役
« 回帖 #1 于: 2021-08-26, 周四 14:32:14 »
正在服役(IN THE ARMY NOW)
正如经常发生的情况一样,胜利的同盟国很少从大屠杀和大战僵局中吸取教训。德国虽然在凡尔赛被剥夺了军事实力,但随着纳粹的到来,它能够建立一支新的军队,并随着这支新军队发展出反映现代时代的新战略。尽管英国人仍将坦克视为步兵支援车辆,但德国人认识到了坦克的潜力,并围绕其冲破敌军防线的能力建立了闪电战(“闪电战”)的概念。
(As is so often the case, few lessons are learned by the vic-torious Allied nations from the carnage and stalemate of the Great War. Germany, though stripped of its military might at Versailles, is able to build a new army with the coming of the Nazis, and with this new army develop fresh strategies reflective of the modern era. While the British still view tanks as infantry support vehicles, the Germans recognise their potential and build the concept of Blitzkrieg(“Lightning War”) around their ability to punch through enemy lines.)
这种新的现代战争形式令欧洲大部分地区感到意外,因为大多数国家都认为德国的侵略行为基本上与第一次世界大战的模式相同。在法国和低地国家,静态防御仍然被视为当务之急,但盟军现在面对的军队在西班牙支持法西斯领导人弗朗哥的艰苦战斗中考验了自己的勇气,并且在快速、动态的战斗中表现出色。在法国,德国人只是绕过马其诺防线,马其诺防线是法国跨越德国边境的掩体和炮台网络,而支持法国军队的英国远征军则一次又一次地被迫撤退,因为他们装备的低劣和德军老兵的残暴给他们带来了损失。
(This new modern form of warfare takes much of Europe by surprise, as most countries are expecting German aggres-sion to follow essentially the same patterns as those of the Great War. Static defence is still seen as the order of the day in France and the Low Countries, but the army the Allies now face has tested its mettle in the bitter fighting in Spain supporting the fascist leader Franco, and is well-practiced in fast, dynamic combat. In France, the Germans simply bypass the Maginot Line, the French network of bunkers and emplacements that span the German border, while the British Expeditionary Force supporting the French Army is forced into retreat, again and again, as the inferiority of their equipment and the ferocity of the veteran German forces take their toll. )
法国沦陷后,法国军队的大部分被迫投降,英国人在敦刻尔克海滩上损失了大量装备。然而,挣扎中的同盟国,很快就会被美国加入,能够重新武装,并最终从他们与新的德国军队的经验中学习。尽管在大西洋上漫游的德国U型潜艇作出了努力,但随着武器和物资现在抵达不列颠群岛,同盟国正在重新集结,准备重返欧洲。
(Much of the French Army is forced to surrender after the Fall of France, and the British lose a huge amount of equip-ment on the beaches of Dunkirk. However, the struggling Allies, soon to be joined by the United States, are able to rearm and finally learn from their experience with the new German Army. With weapons and materials now reaching the British Isles, despite the efforts of the German U-boats that roam the Atlantic, the Allies are regrouping in prepa-ration for a return to Europe.)

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大不列颠
« 回帖 #2 于: 2021-08-26, 周四 14:33:36 »
大不列颠(Great Britain)
尽管德国多年来明目张胆地重整军备,但英国对战争相对缺乏准备。尽管皇家海军仍然是一支有效而强大的部队,但陆军仍然相对较小,尽管是专业的,而且完全机械化。尽管皇家空军拥有训练有素的飞行员,加上一流的通信和在南部和东部沿海建立的宝贵雷达网,但飞机数量不足。英国人民普遍支持张伯伦避免战争的企图,因此当宣布战争开始时,英国经济远没有处于可以战争的基础上。
(Britain, despite many years of blatant German rearmament, is relatively unprepared to fight a war. Though the Royal Navy remains an effective and powerful force, the Army is still comparatively small, albeit professional, and fully mech-anised. The Royal Air Force, despite having well-trained pilots coupled with first-rate communications and an invaluable radar network in place along the south and east coasts, has insufficient aircraft. The British people are broadly sup-portive of Neville Chamberlain’s attempts to avoid war, and so when hostilities are declared, the economy is far from being on a war footing.)
英国远征军在法国的灾难,以及随后发生的敦刻尔克奇迹,在这期间,大约20万英国和14万法国士兵在英国远征军在法国的灾难不断的炮火下从法国北部的海滩获救,以及随后发生的敦刻尔克奇迹,在这期间,一些20万英军和14万法军在空军的持续火力下从法国北部海滩获救,这是英国的警钟。当英国皇家空军在英格兰南部与德国空军拼命作战,闪电战将炸弹倾泻到伦敦和东南部时,英国正准备开战,并以其他任何民主国家都看不到的速度进行军事化。
(The disaster of the British Expeditionary Force in France, and the subsequent Miracle of Dunkirk during which some 200,000 British and 140,000 French troops are rescued from the beaches of northern France under constant fire from the The disaster of the British Expeditionary Force in France, and the subsequent Miracle of Dunkirk during which some 200,000 British and 140,000 French troops are rescued from the beaches of northern France under constant fire from the Luftwaffe, are Britain’s wakeup call. As the RAF fights des-perately with the Luftwaffe over southern England, and the Blitz rains bombs down upon London and the southeast, the nation prepares for war and militarises at a rate unseen in any other democratic nation.)
在美国物资和设备的支持下,根据《租借法案》的条款,在温斯顿·丘吉尔的言辞和领导下,英国已经成为世界上最大的军事基地。
(Supported by American materials and equipment, pro-vided under the terms of the Lend-Lease Act, and bolstered by the rhetoric and leadership of Winston Churchill, Britain has become the largest military base in the world.)
英国陆军(THE BRITISH ARMY)
自战争开始以来,英国军队急剧扩张。从一支大约30万人的小型机动部队开始,到1941年,这支军队由大约220万人组成。尽管150多万男性自愿服兵役,但英国在战争爆发时开始征兵,甚至在1941年将征兵范围扩大到包括女性,尽管不是为了履行战斗职责。
(The British Army has expanded dramatically since the start of the war. Starting as a small mobile force of some 300,000 men, by 1941 the Army consists of around 2.2 million troops. Although over 1.5 million men volunteer for military serv-ice, Britain introduces conscription upon the outbreak of war, even extending it to include women in 1941, though not for combat duties.)
尽管仍然受到过于谨慎和方法策略的阻碍,但到1943年,英国步兵编队训练有素、纪律严明、装备精良。虽然不像美国盟友那样浮华或大胆,但英国士兵以他们的决心和勇敢而闻名,而且在打击和击败数量上优势的敌人方面有着历史证明的声誉。在中队级,英军装备了步枪和布伦轻机枪,需要时可以依靠大量的火炮和装甲支援。作为一支机械化的军队,步兵使用卡车和通用运输车(一种轻型装甲车,装备有机枪(布伦或维克斯)或博伊斯反坦克步枪),可以在战场上快速部署。
(Although still hampered by over-cautious and method-ical strategies, by 1943, British infantry formations are well-trained, well-disciplined, and well-equipped. While not as flashy or daring as their American Allies, British soldiers are known for their determination and bravery, and have a historically-proven reputation for engaging and defeat-ing numerically superior enemies. At section level, British troops are equipped with rifles and BREN light machine guns, and can count on considerable artillery and armoured support when needed. As a mechanised army, infantry trav-els using lorries and the Universal Carrier, a light, armoured vehicle equipped with either a machine gun (BREN or Vick-ers) or a Boys anti-tank rifle, allowing rapid deployment on the battlefield.)

绰号“红魔”的原型伞兵的第一个主要行动是攻占维尔茨堡雷达站…
(Nicknamed the Red Devils, the prototype Paras’ first major action is the capture of the Würzburg radar station...)

皇家卫队的五个步兵团:掷弹兵卫队、冷溪卫队、苏格兰卫队、爱尔兰卫队和威尔士卫队,是英国军队中资历最老、级别最高、能力最强的几个。皇家卫队被广泛认为是英国武装部队中最为专业的士兵单位,负责着保护国王及其他礼仪型职责。可以说,他们便是英军跳动的心脏。
(The five infantry regiments of the Foot Guards: the Grenadier Guards, the Coldstream Guards, the Scots Guards, the Irish Guards, and the Welsh Guards, are some of the oldest, the most senior, and the most able of the British Army. Tasked with the protection of the King and other cer-emonial duties, the Guards are widely held to be the most professional soldiering units in the British armed forces, and can be said to be their beating heart.)
伞兵团代表了第二次世界大战中步兵不断演变的面貌。绰号“红魔”的原型伞兵的第一个主要行动是攻占法国布鲁内瓦尔的维尔茨堡雷达站。这次任务的成功证明了伞兵团的潜力,伞兵团于1942年正式组建。伞兵被指定在其他部队之前登陆并占领关键设施,他们在包括北非、意大利和诺曼底在内的一系列剧院服役,更不用说声名狼藉的市场花园行动了。
(The Parachute Regiment represents the evolving face of infantrymen in World War Two. Nicknamed the Red Devils, the prototype Paras’ first major action is the capture of Würzburg radar station at Bruneval in France. The success of this mission demonstrates the potential for an airborne infantry regiment, and the Parachute Regiment is officially formed in 1942. Designated to land ahead of other troops and capture key installations, the Paras serve in a range of theatres, including North Africa, Italy, and Normandy, not to mention the infamous Operation Market Garden.)
尽管英国是最早使用坦克在战争中的先驱者,但在坦克设计和战术上却落后于德国人,并且从未真正赶上。战争开始时,英国只部署了2个装甲师,到战争结束时增至9个。英军装甲分为两种主要类型:步兵支援,旨在与步兵一起前进并消灭敌人为核心;巡洋舰坦克,独立于步兵作战,旨在与敌军坦克进行机动作战。战争后期,英军大幅扩充装甲,大量采用美国中型坦克,尤其是随处可见的谢尔曼坦克。
(Despite being early pioneers of tank warfare, Britain begins the war trailing the Germans in tank design and doc-trine, and never truly catches up. At the start of the war, Britain fields only two armoured divisions, rising to nine by the close of the war. British armour is split into two main types: infantry support, designed to advance with infantry and neutralise enemy strong points, and cruiser tanks which operate independently of infantry and are intended to engage in mobile war against enemy tanks. Later in the war, the British expand their armour significantly, adopting the American medium tank in large numbers, particularly the ubiquitous Sherman tank.)
英国仍在部署一支重型炮兵部队,在与步兵一起前进的前方观察员的引导下,为步兵提供精确精确的火力支援。英国的无线电通讯组织得很好,可以进行更有效的指挥和控制,不过设备在野战环境很容易出现故障。
(The British still field a significant artillery force, providing support to the infantry with precise and accurate fire guided by forward observers who advance with the infantry. British radio communication is well-organised, allowing more efficient command and control, though equipment is prone to malfunction in the field.)
虽然英军在战争初期遭受了一些重大失败,但他们经受住了风暴,准备向德国开战。
(While the British Army suffers some major defeats in the early years of the war, they weather the storm and are ready to take the fight to Germany.)
英国皇家海军(THE ROYAL NAVY)
尽管战前有限制海军建设的条约,但英国皇家海军仍然是世界上最大的海军,拥有现代化的舰艇,还有更多的舰艇正在建造中,包括15艘战列舰和战列巡洋舰、7艘航空母舰、几百艘巡洋舰和驱逐舰,以及60艘潜艇组成的舰队。尽管战争初期损失惨重,但海军在击沉德国主力舰方面取得了一系列成功,有效地结束了德国海军水面舰队带来的威胁。海军最重要的职责是保护至关重要的大西洋连接线,保护脆弱的护航队免受德国潜艇巡逻队和寂静猎手的攻击。
(Despite treaties limiting naval construction before the war, the Royal Navy is still the largest in the world, with modern ships and many more under construction, including fifteen battleships and battle cruisers, seven aircraft carriers, and several hundred cruisers and destroyers, plus a fleet of sixty submarines. Despite heavy losses in the early years of the war, the Navy achieves a series of successes with the sink-ing of Germany’s capital ships, effectively ending the threat presented by the German Navy’s surface fleet. The Navy’s most vital duty is the protection of the crucial Atlantic link, defending vulnerable convoys against the silent hunters of the German U-boat patrols.)
世界大战后,皇家空军组建,皇家海军丧失了大部分海军航空能力,直到1937年才重新控制舰队航空兵。因此,他们的航母和飞机都已经过时,远远落后于美国海军和日本帝国海军的标准,不过陈旧的箭鱼双翼飞机在击沉德国“俾斯麦”号战列舰方面起到了重要作用,证明英国海军航空仍有牙齿。
(The Royal Navy lost much of its naval aviation capa-bilities after the Great War when the Royal Air Force was formed, and only regains control of the Fleet Air Arm in 1937. As a result, both their carriers and aircraft are out-dated, falling far behind the standards of both the US and Imperial Japanese Navies, though antiquated Swordfish biplanes are instrumental in sinking the German battleship Bismarck, proving that British naval aviation still has teeth.)
英国潜艇舰队在大西洋下与德国潜艇舰队展开了一场持续不断的战斗。而德国潜艇,狼群行动,跟踪重要的商业车队,英国潜艇主要是单独行动,从事更多的秘密行动,或追捕德国同行。在北非战役中,英国潜艇确实有机会猎杀轴心国船只,但与德国潜艇相比,他们的目标有限。
(The British submarine fleet is locked in a constant battle beneath the Atlantic with the numerically superior German U-boat fleet. While the German submarines, operating in wolf packs, stalk the vital merchant convoys, British subma-rines operate primarily alone, engaging in more clandestine operations, or hunting their German counterparts. During the North African campaign, British submarines do get the opportunity to hunt Axis shipping, but their targets are lim-ited when compared to German submarines.)
英国皇家空军(THE ROYAL AIR FORCE)
英国皇家空军在1918年才正式组建,幸运的是,它相对而言没有受到旧理论和战略的影响,尽管在英国战役中人数严重不足,但它能够参与并击退德国无情入侵英国的轰炸攻势。尽管他们在战争开始时的飞机性能参差不齐,但英国皇家空军的飞行员是世界上最好的飞行员之一,随着飓风战斗机和海喷火战斗机的加入,英国皇家空军变得更加强大。
(Having only officially been formed in 1918, the RAF is fortunate to be relatively unscathed by old doctrines and strategies and, despite being heavily outnumbered during the Battle of Britain, is able to engage and repel the relent-less German bombing offensives that signal what would have been the invasion of Great Britain. Though their aircraft at the start of the war are of mixed capability, the RAF’s pilots are among the best in the world and, once the Hawker Hur-ricane and Supermarine Spitfire are introduced, the RAF becomes even more formidable.)
英国皇家空军拥有一支庞大的外国飞行员队伍,特别是来自法国和波兰的飞行员。
(The RAF has a large contingent of foreign pilots among its ranks, particularly from France and Poland.)
英国皇家空军的主要作战战略是利用战略轰炸摧毁德国发动战争的能力,对德国城市进行夜间轰炸突袭,并发展精确轰炸技术,其中最著名的例子是1943年5月的“筑坝者”突袭。起初英国皇家空军轰炸机司令部仅限于轰炸军事目标,但在1940年5月德国空军摧毁鹿特丹大部分地区后,授权轰炸莱茵河以东的任何目标。
(The RAF’s main combat strategy is the use of strate-gic bombing to destroy Germany’s capability to wage war, engaging in night bombing raids against German cities and developing precision bombing techniques, the most famous example of which is the Dambusters raid in May 1943. Ini-tially RAF Bomber Command restricts itself to bombing only military targets, but after the Luftwaffe destroys much of Rotterdam in May 1940, authorisation is given to bomb any target east of the Rhine.)
英国皇家空军拥有一支庞大的外国飞行员队伍,特别是来自法国和波兰的飞行员。在他们的国家沦陷期间,许多飞行员驾驶飞机前往最近的友好领土,而不是让他们被入侵的德国人带走,这些人现在与他们的英国战友并肩作战。
(The RAF has a large contingent of foreign pilots among its ranks, particularly from France and Poland. During the fall of their nations, many pilots fly their aircraft to the near-est friendly territory rather than let them be taken by the invading Germans, and these men now fight alongside their British comrades.)
突击队(COMMANDOS)
突击队是二战中最具影响力的盟军特种部队。几乎所有后来的英国特种部队部队都来自突击队。
(The Commando, or Special Service, brigades are the most influential Allied special forces formation in World War Two. Virtually all subsequent British special forces units derive from the Commandos.)
根据达德利·克拉克中校的一个想法,突击队是在1940年敦刻尔克沦陷后,在丘吉尔的坚持下组建的,作为向德国人宣战和鼓舞国内士气的一种手段,尽管标志性的绿色贝雷帽直到1942年才被他们正式采用。在这之前,士兵们穿上他们原来团队的帽子和徽章。
(Based on an idea by Lt. Col. Dudley Clarke, the Com-mandos are formed at Winston Churchill’s insistence in 1940 after the fall of Dunkirk, as a means to take the war to the Germans and bolster morale at home, although the trade-mark green beret isn’t formally adopted by them until 1942. Before this, men wear their original regimental head-dress and insignia.)
从1940年到1943年,突击队被用作小型、高度机动的突击部队,不打算在战场上停留超过36小时。从1943年起,突击队的角色成为盟军的领头登陆部队,他们在突尼斯火炬登陆行动、盟军入侵西西里和诺曼底登陆D日中发挥的作用。
(From 1940-1943, Commandos are used as small, highly mobile raiding forces, not intended to be in the field for more than 36 hours. From 1943, the Commandos’ role becomes spearheading Allied landing forces, a role they perform in the Operation Torch landings in Tunisia, the Allied invasion of Sicily, and the Normandy landings on D-Day.)
以下突击队特别值得注意:
(The following Commando units are of special note:)
第10(盟国军)突击队是一支由轴心国国民组成的突击队,包括犹太人、德国人和奥地利人。部队和个人从来没有作为一个整体部署,而是为需要他们掌握语言或区域知识的特定任务而分开部署。
(No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando is a commando unit consisting of nationals of Axis-occupied countries, including Jewish Germans and Austrians serving under a nom de guerre. Never deployed as a whole unit, troops and individuals are detached for specific missions which require their linguistic or regional knowledge.)
第30突击队(后来的30突击部队)是一支情报收集部队,在盟军先遣部队D日后的先锋部队工作。这些突击队员由皇家海军军官组成,由皇家海军突击队守卫,他们是接受过军事技术识别、敌方文件、安全破解和囚犯审讯培训的搜索专家。
(No. 30 Commando (later 30 Assault Unit) is an intelligence gathering unit working in the vanguard of the Allied advance post D-Day. Staffed by Royal Navy officers and guarded by Royal Marine Commandos, these raiders are search specialists trained in the recognition of military technology, enemy documentation, safe cracking, and prisoner interrogation.)
第62突击队(或小规模突击队)是一支由特别行动执行局(第41页)控制的小型突击队,负责进行跨渠道情报收集、突袭以及实地测试战术和装备。
(No. 62 Commando (or the Small Scale Raiding Force) is a small commando force under the control of the Special Operations Executive (p.41) carrying out cross-channel intelligence gathering raids, as well as field-testing tactics and equipment.)

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美利坚合众国
« 回帖 #3 于: 2021-08-26, 周四 14:34:21 »
美利坚合众国(United States)
在欧洲战争爆发之际,美军正处于转型期。虽然它的海军能力很棒,但陆军和海军陆战队相对较弱,而且已经过时,空军仍然隶属于陆军。幸运的是,尽管欧洲正在陷入战争,无论是否准备就绪,美国也将在未来两年内免于直接冲突,为所有服务提供充足的时间重新武装,为即将到来的风暴做好准备。
(At the outbreak of the war in Europe, the United States military is in transition. Although its naval capabilities are excellent, the Army and Marines are relatively small and outdated, and its Air Force is still subordinate to the Army. Fortunately, while Europe is thrust into war, ready or not, the United States is spared direct conflict for another two years, giving all services ample time to rearm and prepare for the coming storm.)
尽管大萧条和强大的孤立主义运动对美国造成了严重影响,认为美国应该保持中立,让欧洲自己解决问题,但富兰克林·D·罗斯福总统于1941年3月签署了《租借法案》,建立一个计划,美国可以通过这个计划向欧洲和中国的盟国提供物资和弹药,从而有效地结束美国的中立伪装。
(Despite the crippling effects of the Great Depression and the strong isolationist movement working in the United States, which believes that the country should remain neu-tral and let Europe deal with its own problems, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act in March 1941, creating a programme through which the United States can provide the Allied nations in Europe and China with materials and munitions, effectively ending the US pre-tence of neutrality.)
六个月后,日本海军对珍珠港发动了壮观的突袭,根据与日本的条约,德国向美国宣战,轴心国唤醒了一个沉睡的巨人,而这个巨人(战争结束时)军队数量仅次于苏联,毫无疑问,它是世界上技术最先进的武装力量之一。
(When the Japanese Navy launches their spectacular raid on Pearl Harbor six months later and, under the terms of their treaty with the Japanese, Germany declares war on America, the Axis wakes a sleeping giant which (by the end of the war) possesses a military second only in numbers to the Soviet Union, and without a doubt forms one of the most technologically advanced armed forces in the world.)
美国陆军(US ARMY)
1939年,美国陆军是一支约有17.5万人的专业部队,尽管这是一支部队受到陈旧装备和一个和平时期军官阶级的阻碍,他们对政治野心比对军事事务更感兴趣。幸运的是,美国的中立立场给了新任参谋长乔治·马歇尔将军一个迅速改革军队的机会,到1940年,通过有限的征兵,美军已经发展到140万人,并大幅更新了装备和车辆。
(In 1939, the US Army is a professional force of around 175,000 men, though one hampered by obsolete equipment and a peacetime officer class more interested in political careerism than military matters. Fortunately, the nation’s neutral stance gives the new Chief of Staff, General George Marshall, the opportunity to rapidly overhaul the army and, by 1940, through limited conscription, the US Army has grown to 1.4 million men and updated their equipment and vehicles significantly.)
与英国或法国不同的是,美国军队将晋升建立在个人功绩和个人领导能力的基础上,而不是阶级和地位的区别,并鼓励军官进行创新和自由思考。不幸的是,这种文化功劳往往归于一个敢于冒险的军官,而不是一个保护部队生命的军官,这种冒险往往是以牺牲自己手下许多人的生命为代价的。
(Unlike the British or French, the US Army bases promotion on personal merit and individual leadership, as opposed to class and status distinctions, and encourages innovation and free-thinking amongst its officers. Unfortunately this culture credits an officer who takes daring risks, often at the cost of many lives among his own men, more than an officer who protects the lives of his troops.)
令人惊讶的是,美国军队中的应征士兵与英国和法国的盟友没有相似的文化,他们只是被当作资源,根据需要在部队之间转移。与其他军队不同的是,美军会将损失的部队撤出战场,以加强和恢复部队,而美军则选择将新的新兵部队插入损失的部队,导致士兵之间失去凝聚力。老兵往往把新来的人当作局外人,导致士气和战斗力的丧失。此外,由于新兵没有从老兵那里得到学习的好处,随着损失的进一步扩大,老兵的成分进一步被损失。
(Surprisingly, the enlisted men in the US Army do not have a similar culture to their British and French allies, being treated simply as resources to be shifted between units as required. Unlike other armies, which pull depleted units out of combat to reinforce and restore them, the US Army chooses to insert new, green troops into weakened units, resulting in a loss of cohesion amongst soldiers. The veter-ans tend to treat the newcomers as outsiders, resulting in a loss of morale and combat effectiveness. In addition, as the newcomers do not receive the benefit of learning from the veterans, as further losses are taken, the veteran element is further whittled away.)
在班一级,部队标准配备M-1加兰步枪,提供比其他军队的栓动步枪更大的火力,尽管武器在重新装填前需要消耗一个完整的弹匣有时会很困难,特别是当弹夹自动弹射时,独特的金属“砰”声,用空武器警告敌军士兵。标准的班级支援武器是布朗宁自动步枪(BAR),这是一种威力强大但有限的武器,无论是弹药容量还是射速,尤其是与德国MG34相比。幸运的是,由于他们拥有丰富的资源,大多数班组经常使用多杆来弥补这一不足。
(At squad level, troops are armed as standard with the M-1 Garand rifle, providing greater firepower than the bolt-action rifles of other armies, though the weapon’s requirement to expend a full magazine before reloading can prove difficult at times, particularly the unique metallic “ping”made as the clip automatically ejects, alerting enemy troops to a soldier with an empty weapon. The standard squad level support weapon is the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), a powerful but limited weapon, both in terms of ammunition capacity and rate of fire, especially compared to the German MG34. Fortunately, due to the abundance of resources available to them, most squads often sport multiple BARs to compensate for this deficiency.)
除了这一缺陷之外,美国士兵训练有素,装备精良,比他的英国盟友更加精良,而且比世界上任何其他士兵都拥有更好的健康和更好的饮食优势。尽管经历了大萧条,但美国人民生活水平的提高和营养水平的提高,造就了一个个更健康、更耐用的士兵。
(Aside from this flaw, the US soldier is well-trained and equipped, more so than his British ally, and has the advan-tage of better health and a better diet than any other soldier in the world. The higher standard of living, and the levels of nutrition available to the average American despite the Great Depression, produces a fitter and more durable soldier.)
尽管大多数美军部队在战争期间都有出色的表现,但还有一些值得一提。
(While the majority of US Army units serve with distinc-tion during the war, a number deserve additional mention.)
第一特种部队(FIRST SPECIAL SERVICE FORCE)
第一特种部队(FSSF)也被称为“黑魔鬼”,成立于1942年,是一支冬季战争特种部队,专门骚扰在挪威的德国军队。然而,作战要求发生了变化,FSSF在1943-1944年第一次在意大利战斗,然后继续在法国南部作战,直到1944年底解散。
(Also known as the Black Devils, the 1st Special Service Force (FSSF) is created in 1942 as a winter warfare special forces unit to harass German troops in Norway. However, operational requirements change, and the FSSF first sees combat in Italy in 1943-4, before moving on to fight in southern France, until late 1944 when it is disbanded.)
FSSF由专门招募的户外技能志愿者组成,其独特之处在于它是一个在罗伯特上校的指挥下由2000名男性组成的美国和加拿大联合单位。作为突击队员、山地作战专家和伞兵,FSSF使用独特的服装、口粮、装备和武器,以及同质化的指挥结构。据称,这个旅的外号是从一名德国军官的个人日记中发现的,因为部队被涂黑的脸而取得这个外号。
(Consisting of volunteers specifically recruited for their outdoor skills, the FSSF is unique in that it is a combined American and Canadian unit of 2,000 men, under the command of Colonel Robert T. Frederick, giving rise to yet another nickname—Freddie’s Freighters. Trained as comman-dos, mountain warfare specialists, and parachutists, the FSSF uses unique clothing, rations, equipment, and weapons, as well as a homogenised command structure. The brigade’s nickname is purportedly taken from a reference to the blackened faces of the unit’s troops found in a German officer’s personal diary.)
美国空降兵(US AIRBORNE)
美国上校比利·米切尔是第一位建议用降落伞部署突击部队的战略家。苏联是第一个试验这个概念的国家,纳粹德国是第一个在战争中使用这个概念的国家,他们壮观地入侵克里特岛。
(An American Colonel, Billy Mitchell, is the first strategist to suggest the insertion of assault troops by parachute. It is the USSR that first experiments with the concept, and Nazi Germany that first uses it in combat in their spectacular invasion of Crete.)
美国最著名的空降部队是82师和101师。
(The most famous US Airborne units are the 82nd and the 101st (Screaming Eagles) Divisions.)
美国陆军游骑兵(US ARMY RANGERS)
美国陆军游骑兵成立于1942年,相当于美国的突击队。1942年迪耶普突袭,第一游骑兵营第一次行动的一部分,在两个月内的游骑兵变得活跃。第一游骑兵营随后被转移到北非,在阿尔及利亚和突尼斯战役中发挥关键作用,执行夜间突袭和敌后攻击。
(The US Army Rangers are formed in 1942, and are the American equivalent of the Commandos. The 1st Ranger Battalion first sees action as part of the Dieppe raid of 1942, within two months of the unit becoming active. The 1st Ranger Battalion is then transferred to North Africa where it plays a pivotal role in the Algerian and Tunisian campaigns, performing night raids and behind-the-lines attacks.)
第三和第四游骑兵营是从第一游骑兵营创建的,所有三个营,也被称为达比游骑兵,都被派往西西里岛,然后在1943年派往意大利。这三个营实际上都在1944年初的西斯特纳战役中被消灭到最后一人。
(3rd and 4th Ranger Battalions are created from 1st Ranger Battalion, and all three battalions, also known as Darby’s Rangers, are sent to Sicily, and then Italy in 1943. All three battalions are virtually eliminated to the last man by the fighting at the Battle of Cisterna in early 1944.)
第2营和第5营在美国组建,参加了1944年6月的诺曼底登陆,分别占领了霍克角的海岸炮台和奥马哈海滩的滩头阵地。这两个营在法国、比利时和德国作战,直到1945年。该营隶属于游骑兵部队,用于渗透、穿越河流、占领路口和战俘营。
(The 2nd and 5th Ranger Battalions are raised in the United States, and participate in the Normandy landings in June 1944, seizing a coastal battery at Pointe du Hoc, and breaking out of the beachhead at Omaha beach respectively. The two battalions fight through France, Belgium, and Germany until 1945. Attached to cavalry units, the battalions are used for infiltration, river crossings, and seizure of road junctions and prisoner-of-war camps)
美国海军(US NAVY)
美国海军在1939年已经相当庞大,包括15艘战列舰、5艘航空母舰和37艘巡洋舰。海军一直认为日本海军对美国的威胁最大,因此只有美国海军有能力在海军航空和军舰技术方面与日本抗衡。
(The US Navy is already a considerable size in 1939, includ-ing fifteen battleships, five aircraft carriers, and thirty-seven cruisers. Naval thinking has always assumed that the Japa-nese navy presents the greatest threat to the United States, and as a result only the US Navy is capable of rivalling Japa-nese expertise in naval aviation and warship technology.)
日本偷袭珍珠港后,18艘军舰被毁,2400多人丧生,美国海军进入紧急造船计划,订购了数十艘新船(包括16艘大型和9艘小型航空母舰)。到战争结束时,美国海军拥有的舰艇数量超过了包括英国皇家海军在内的所有其他参战海军的总和。
(After the Japanese sneak attack at Pearl Harbor, in which eighteen warships are destroyed and over 2,400 men lose their lives, the US Navy enters an emergency programme of shipbuilding, ordering dozens of new vessels (including sixteen large and nine smaller aircraft carriers). By the end of the war, the US Navy has more ships than the combined navies of all other combatants in the war, including the British Royal Navy.)
美国海军的大部分活动集中在太平洋战区周围,与强大的日本帝国海军进行一系列的战斗,并支持美国海军陆战队解放日本侵略者占领的太平洋岛屿。在大西洋,美国海军与英国合作,保持大西洋舰队的航线畅通,保护舰队免受德国潜艇舰队的威胁。
(Much of the US Navy’s activity centres around the Pacific theatre, fighting a long series of battles against the formidable Imperial Japanese Navy, and supporting the US Marines in their campaign to liberate the Pacific islands occupied by the Japanese aggressors. In the Atlantic, the US Navy cooperates with the British to keep the Atlantic shipping routes open and defend convoys from the ever-present threat of the German U-boat fleet.)
与日本一样,美国海军将舰队集中在航空母舰周围,并且在使用飞机的海上作战中处于领先地位,尤其是俯冲轰炸和鱼雷轰炸。太平洋上的几场关键战役发生在日美航母部队的空军部队之间(更多细节见《注意!克图鲁:太平洋前线指南)。
(Like the Japanese, the US Navy focuses its fleets around its aircraft carriers, and is a leader in naval combat using aircraft, especially dive bombing and torpedo bombing. Sev-eral of the key battles of the Pacific take place between the air fleets of the Japanese and US carrier forces (see Achtung! Cthulhu: Guide to the Pacific Front for further details).)
美国潜艇舰队只占海军兵力的不到2%,但却造成了日本海军30%以上的损失,其中包括8艘航空母舰。它们助长了日本经济与海外进口的隔离,但付出了可怕的代价。美国潜艇部队在海浪下的战斗中损失了50多艘船只和3500多人。
(The US submarine fleet comprises less than two per cent of the Navy’s strength, yet it is responsible for caus-ing over thirty per cent of Japanese naval losses, including eight aircraft carriers. They contribute to the isolation of the Japanese economy from overseas imports, but at a terrible cost. The US submarine force loses over fifty boats and more than 3,500 men in the battle beneath the waves.)
美国陆军航空兵(US ARMY AIR FORCE)
与英国军队不同的是,美军在第二次世界大战期间没有保持独立的空军。相反,军用飞机由美国陆军航空兵指挥,海军航空则由美国海军指挥。然而,在罗斯福的指导下,美国空军在1939年经历了一个大规模的扩张计划,当美国在欧洲参战时,她带来了大量的轰炸机和战斗机参加战斗,加上一个几乎全球的后勤网络,能够供应和维持如此庞大的战斗力量。
(Unlike their British counterparts, the US military does not maintain an independent air force during the Second World War. Instead, military aviation falls under the command of the US Army Air Force, or in the case of naval aviation, the US Navy. However, under direction from Roosevelt, the USAAF undergoes a massive expansion programme in 1939, and by the time America enters the war in Europe, she brings a huge number of bombers and fighters to the fray, coupled with a virtually global logistics network capable of supplying and maintaining such a massive combat force.)
虽然英国皇家空军专门从事夜间轰炸突袭,但美国空军坚持精确白天突袭的政策,制造“24小时”轰炸的噩梦,在战争后期,轰炸范围从军事目标延伸到几乎毁灭德国城市。
(While the RAF specialises in night bombing raids, the USAAF maintains a policy of precision daylight raids creat-ing the nightmare of “around the clock” bombing, which in the later years of the war extends from military targets to the near obliteration of German cities.)
尽管美国B-17和B-24轰炸机拥有重型自卫武器,但早期轰炸空袭中的损失是可怕的,主要是由于缺乏美国战斗机护航,这使得庞大的轰炸机编队容易受到仍然完好无损的德国空军精锐飞行员的攻击。然而,像P-51野马这样的战机的加入确保了更强的保护,到了战争的最后阶段,由于空军不再是威胁,每天的轰炸行动相对不受惩罚。
(Despite the heavy defensive armaments of the US B-17 and B-24 bombers, losses in early bombing raids are terrible, mostly due to the lack of US fighter escorts, which leaves the enormous bomber formations vulnerable to the elite pilots of the still-intact Luftwaffe. However, the introduction of the likes of the P-51 Mustang ensure greater protection and, by the closing stages of the war, with the Luftwaffe no longer a threat, the daily bombing raids operate with relative impunity.)
和美国历史上的这一时刻一样,美国空军也受到种族隔离的影响,大多数非裔美国士兵被禁止进入战斗岗位。然而,美国空军的几个中队是由非洲裔美国人组成的,包括第332战斗机中队(“红尾巴”)和第99战斗机中队,这两个中队在战争期间获得了三次杰出的集体荣誉。
(Like much of the United States at this point in his-tory, the USAAF is subject to racial segregation, with most African-American soldiers barred from combat positions. However, several USAAF squadrons are composed of Afri-can-American aviators, including the 332nd Fighter Group (“The Red Tails”) and the 99th Fighter Squadron, which earns three Distinguished Unit Citations during the course of the war.)

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法兰西
« 回帖 #4 于: 2021-08-26, 周四 14:34:50 »
法兰西(France)
1939年,法国军队有90万正规士兵,另有数百万人在预备役。法国与德国有着共同的边界,对二战的记忆仍然历历在目,1936年法国开始重新武装,战争爆发时,法国军队被认为是世界上最强大的军队之一。不幸的是,几十年来,法国的军事思想一直停滞不前,第一批法国装甲师是在战争开始时才组建的,而防务在很大程度上是压倒一切的战略。
(In 1939, the French Army stands at 900,000 regular soldiers, with millions more in reserve. France, with her shared border with Germany, and the memories of the Great War still fresh, begins to rearm in 1936, and at the outbreak of war her army is considered one of the strongest in the world. Unfortunately, French military thinking has been stagnant for several decades, with the first French armoured divisions only being formed as the war begins, and defence being very much the overriding strategy.)
法国人非常信任马其诺防线,即沿着德国边界从卢森堡延伸到瑞士的庞大防御工事和炮位,以提供抵抗德国侵略的保护。它由三条相互依存的防御工事线组成,其中包括反坦克炮位、碉堡和炮兵阵地,是一道令人生畏的屏障,但当德军通过阿登森林入侵,完全绕过这条防线时,这道屏障最终被证明是无用的。
(The French place great faith in the Maginot Line, the huge complex of defences and emplacements stretching from Luxembourg to Switzerland along the German border, to provide protection against German aggression. Composed of three interdependent lines of fortifications containing anti-tank emplacements, pillboxes, and artillery positions it is a formidable barrier, but one that proves ultimately useless when theGerman Army invades through the Ardennes Forest, completely circumventing the Line.)
尽管法国士兵勇敢地与入侵的德国部队作战,但由于缺乏强有力的领导,他们被迫撤退。虽然大约14万名法国士兵从敦刻尔克撤离,但多数人在休息了几周后返回法国,随后又加入了德国手中的数千名法国战俘,导致法兰西共和国军队在1940年有效地停止存在。撤离行动本身就是一个奇迹般的成功,是由于35000名法国士兵牺牲的成果,他们组成了后防部队,在最后一批船只从海滩上消失时继续战斗。
(Though French soldiers fight with great bravery against the encroaching German units, a lack of strong leadership forces them into retreat. Though around 140,000 French sol-diers are evacuated from Dunkirk, the majority are returned to France after a few weeks rest, and subsequently join the thousands of French POWs in German hands, leading to the French Republic Army effectively ceasing to exist in 1940. The evacuation itself is only such a miraculous suc-cess thanks to the sacrifice of 35,000 French soldiers, who form the rear guard and fight on as the last ships disappear from the beaches.)
在逃离敦刻尔克海滩的士兵中,大约有3000人留在英国,加入了戴高乐在伦敦的自由法国军队。到1940年底,法国自由军人数已增至约7000人,其中许多人来自北非的法国殖民地。随着战争的继续和反对德国的浪潮开始转向,志愿者的数量稳步增加,自由法国部队是诺曼底登陆不可或缺的组成部分。起初,他们的角色仅限于少数随同英国皇家空军飞行的飞行员,但随着战争的继续,法国自由军派出了19个师,包括几个装甲师。
(Of those soldiers who escape the beaches at Dunkirk, around 3,000 stay in Britain and join Charles de Gaulle’s Free French Army in London. By the end of 1940, the Free French Army has swelled to around 7,000 men, many of whom come from the French colonies in North Africa. As the war continues and the tide begins to turn against Ger-many, the number of volunteers steadily increases, and units of Free French are integral to the Normandy landings. Ini-tially their role is limited to a handful of pilots flying with the RAF, but as the war continues the Free French Army fields nineteen divisions, including several armoured ones. )
法国沦陷后,英国开始担心法国海军可能落入德国手中,成为对英国进攻的一部分。法国投降时,法国海军大部分已出港。法国军舰接到最后通牒:要么加入盟国,要么采取中立。当最后通牒被拒绝时,英国人在阿尔及利亚的默斯埃尔克港向法国船只发起攻击é造成近1300名法国军人死亡,一艘战舰沉没,另有5艘战舰受损。这次袭击虽然必要,但仍在两个盟国之间造成不好的结果。
(After the Fall of France, the British become concerned that the French Navy, much of which is out of port when the nation surrenders, might fall into German hands and become part of the attack against Great Britain. The French warships are given an ultimatum: either join the Allies, or adopt neutrality. When the ultimatum is rejected, the British launch an assault against French ships in the Algerian port of Mers-el-Kébir, resulting in the deaths of almost 1,300 French servicemen, the sinking of one battleship, and the damaging of five other vessels. This attack, though necessary, continues to cause bad blood between the two allies.)

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德意志
« 回帖 #5 于: 2021-08-26, 周四 14:35:21 »
德意志(Germany)
德国在一战中战败后,再加上《韦尔塞勒斯条约》对她的严格限制,德国军队在两次世界大战期间的大部分时间里都被严重削减。陆军,即帝国国防军,被限制在10万人之内,而海军仅被限制在1.5万人之内,在数量急剧减少的舰队中服役(只有6艘战列舰,6艘巡洋舰,没有潜艇)。禁止武装飞机、坦克和装甲车,禁止生产机枪、步枪和其他战争弹药。
(Following the defeat of Germany in the Great War, and the stringent restrictions placed upon her by the Treaty of Ver-sailles, Germany’s military is seriously curtailed for much of the inter-war period. The army, the Reichswehr, is limited to 100,000 men, while the navy is restricted to a mere 15,000 men serving on a dramatically reduced fleet (consisting of only six battleships, six cruisers, and no submarines). Armed aircraft, tanks, and armoured cars are prohibited, as is the production of machine guns, rifles, and other war munitions.)
在阿道夫·希特勒上台后,德国对条约条款的漠视与日俱增,并开始了协调一致的重整军备进程。这种重新武装使德国能够抛弃盟军中仍然存在的过时的军事理论,制定更适合现代工业战争机器的新战略和战术。这些新的理论在西班牙内战中受到了考验,因为德国军队为佛朗哥的法西斯提供了支持,证明了他们的价值,并为德国军队提供了在战争开始阶段就形成的经验。
(Following Adolf Hitler’s rise to power, Germany shows an ever-growing disregard for the terms of the Treaty and begins a concerted rearmament process. This rearmament allows Germany to discard the outdated military doctrine that still exists amongst the Allied militaries, and develop new strategies and tactics more befitting a modern industrial war machine. These new doctrines are tested in the Span-ish Civil War, as the German military provides support for Franco’s Fascists, proving their worth and giving German troops experience that comes into its own in the opening moves of the war.)
德国国防军(THE WEHRMACHT)
德国国防军于1935年由帝国国防军的残余力量组成,通过征兵制的引入,国防军迅速扩张。尽管德国的宣传经常显示国防军是一支横扫欧洲的机械化部队,但实际上在战争开始时,只有大约百分之十的步兵部队装备了运输工具,其余的仍然步行,或者在某些情况下使用自行车。在战争后期,机械化部队增加到军队的一半左右,但战场上的消耗以及盟军轰炸对德国工业产出的削弱严重阻碍了运输。
(Formed in 1935 from the remnants of the Reichswehr, Ger-many’s defensive force, the Wehrmacht, quickly expands through the introduction of conscription. Though German propaganda often shows the Wehrmacht as a mechanised force storming across Europe, in reality at the start of the war, only around ten percent of infantry units are equipped with transports, with the rest still moving on foot, or in some instances using bicycles. Later in the war, mechanised forces increase to around half of the army, but attrition in the field and the crippling of Germany’s industrial output by Allied bombing severely hampers transportation.)
虽然国防军的核心部队装备精良,但工业短缺往往导致其他部队装备陈旧。不管他们的补给状况如何,德国士兵在战争开始时普遍训练有素,积极性很高,特点是在战场上采取侵略性战术。军官被赋予完成目标的自由,而不是被迫执行命令。战争后期,随着德国财富的减少,政治内讧和对违法行为的惩罚性惩罚开始削弱士气。然而,德国士兵为保卫德国而与苏联红军进行了艰苦的战斗,直到最后一寸土地。
(While core units of the Wehrmacht are well equipped, industrial shortages often result in other units being given older equipment. Regardless of their supply status, German soldiers are generally well-trained and highly motivated at the beginning of the war, characterised by aggressive tactics in the field. Officers are given the freedom to accomplish objectives rather than being forced to carry out orders to the letter. Later in the war, as Germany’s fortunes wane, political infighting and punitive punishment of transgressions begins to wear down morale. However, German soldiers fight to the bitter end in the defence of Germany against the Soviet Red Army, down to the last inch of ground.)
一个常见的误解是,德国军队在数百辆势不可挡的坦克的支援下,粉碎了一条穿过敌军编队的道路。实际上,战争初期的德国装甲虽然设计较新,但性能并不比盟军装甲车好。德国闪电战战术,以武力和速度冲破敌人防线,是有效的,因为装甲,步兵和炮兵支援的整合,而不是德国坦克的力量。德国在坦克技术上的进步,特别是豹和虎坦克,直到德国在对抗苏联高级装甲时遭受重大损失后才出现在战场上。尽管受到补给和维修问题的困扰,但德军装甲部队普遍感到恐惧,遇到时从不掉以轻心。
(A common misconception is of the German Army, supported by hundreds of unstoppable tanks, smashing a path through enemy formations. In reality, German armour at the start of the war, while newer in design, does not perform any better than Allied armoured vehicles. The German Blitzkrieg tactic, punching through enemy lines in force and at speed, is effective due to the integration of armour, infantry, and artillery support, not the strength of German tanks. German advances in tank technology,  particularly the Panther and Tiger tanks, do not appear on the battlefield until Germany has suffered significant losses against superior Soviet armour. Although plagued by supply and repair problems, German armour is universally feared by enemy troops and is never taken lightly when encountered.)

赫尔曼·戈林的傲慢和自大使盟军免于一系列可怕的失败。
(The Allies are saved from a number of terrible defeats by the arrogance and egotism of Hermann Göring.)

德国炮兵和英国炮兵一样,其特点是部署在师级和军级的大口径武器,用于进行炮击。德国在火箭技术上的进步导致了诸如烟雾制造者火箭炮之类的武器的发展,这种武器将纯粹的破坏力与火箭发射时发出的尖叫声所造成的心理恐怖结合起来。德国炮兵中一种著名的武器是臭名昭著的88毫米。最初设计作为防空武器,88毫米是罕见的口径,它可攻击到水平轰炸机。这一特点使它可以作为反坦克武器部署,取得惊人的成功。最终,当德国人开发虎式坦克时,88毫米被选为主要武器,但由于装载机构的尺寸,它被安装在狭窄的虎式炮塔内。
(German artillery, like its British counterpart, is char-acterised by large, heavy-calibre weapons deployed at divisional and corps level for barrage fire. German advances in rocket technology lead to the development of such weapons as the Nebelwerfer rocket artillery, which com-bines sheer destructive power with the psychological terror caused by the screaming sound the rockets make as they fire. One weapon of note among German artillery pieces is the infamous 88mm. Originally designed as an anti-aircraft weapon, the 88mm is rare in its class for being traversable to a horizontal attack plane. This feature allows it to be deployed as an anti-tank weapon with stunning success. Eventually, when the Germans develop the Tiger tank, the 88mm is chosen as its main weapon but due to the size of the loading mechanism, it is mounted on its side within the cramped Tiger turret.)
德国空军(THE LUFTWAFFE)
德国的军用航空在世界大战后实际上不存在了,但在希特勒掌权后不久,由赫尔曼·戈林一个虚荣和傲慢的世界大战中的王牌飞行员统帅。戈林早期的几年里很少直接参与德国空军的发展,尽管他的政治影响力确实确保了德国空军的成员在意识形态上比其他军事武装更纳粹,除了武装党卫队。
(German military aviation effectively ended after the Great War, but begins to take form again soon after Hitler assumes power, under the overall command of Hermann Göring, a vain and arrogant Great War fighter ace. Göring has little direct involvement in the development of the Luftwaffeduring its early years, though his political influence does ensure that the Luftwaffe’s membership is far more ideolog-ically Nazi that the other military arms, with the exception of the Waffen-SS.)
与英国和美国的军用航空不同,德国空军很少强调战略轰炸,在英国战役和闪电战中主要部署中型轰炸机。尽管这些轰炸机在英格兰东南部造成了可怕的后果,但与英国皇家空军(RAF)和美国空军(USAAF)及其重型轰炸机中队进行的大规模袭击相比,它们的相对实力相形见绌。然而,德国的飞机技术是世界上最好的,这导致了诸如梅塞施米特Bf109战斗机的致命飞机的发展,该战斗机与英国皇家空军的喷火和飓风进行了绝望的狗斗战,以及引发恐怖的容克斯Ju-87俯冲轰炸机,被称为斯图尔兹卡姆布伯,或斯图卡。
(The Luftwaffe, unlike British and American military aviation, places little emphasis on strategic bombing, field-ing primarily medium bombers during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz. Though these bombers cause terrible dev-astation across southeast England, their relative strength is dwarfed by the mass raids conducted by the RAF and USAAF with their squadrons of heavy bombers. However, German aircraft technology is among the best in the world, leading to the development of such lethal aircraft as the Messerschmitt Bf109 fighter, which engages in desperate dogfights against the RAF’s Spitfires and Hurricanes, and the terror-inducing Junker Ju-87 dive-bomber, known as the Sturzkampfbomber, or Stuka.)
由于戈林他盲目地相信自己的航空力量是至高无上的。当英国远征军向敦刻尔克海滩撤退时,戈林坚持认为应该是空军把盟军推进大海,阻止部署可能摧毁英国军队的国防军。同样,德国空军在大不列颠空战中未能击败英国皇家空军,也粉碎了德国的入侵计划。
(The Allies are saved from a number of terrible defeats due to the arrogance and egotism of Göring, who blindly believes in the supremacy of his aviation force. As the British Expedi-tionary Force retreats towards the beaches of Dunkirk, Göring insists that it is the Luftwaffe who should drive the Allies into the sea, preventing the deployment of the Wehrmacht which would probably have destroyed the British forces. Equally, the Luftwaffe’s failure to defeat the RAF during the Battle of Britain crushes German plans for invasion.)
德国海军(THE KRIEGSMARINE)
二战前,德国海军在规模上受到严格限制,在二战前进行了大规模的重新武装和扩张计划,不过,像英国一样,德国海军的思想仍然集中在大型战舰的使用上。然而,到战争爆发时,计划中的船只只有大约20%完工。尽管早期取得了一些成功,但德国海军在挪威战役中遭受严重损失,英国皇家海军为中和德国战舰所作的协调努力,导致舰队被缩减为在波罗的海沿岸为以后的战争提供炮兵支援。
(The German Navy, severely restricted in size after the Great War, undergoes a massive rearmament and expan-sion programme just prior to World War Two though, like the British, German naval thinking still focuses on the use of large battleships. However, by the outbreak of war, only around twenty percent of the planned vessels are completed. Despite some early successes, the Kriegsmarine suffer serious losses during the Battle of Norway, and a concerted effort by the British Royal Navy to neutralise German battleships results in the fleet being reduced to providing artillery sup-port along the Baltic coast for much of the later war.)
虽然德国水面舰队未能发挥其潜力,但U型潜艇舰队也不能说是这样。德国U型潜艇通过数量巨大的优势,能够以狼群作战,猎杀横渡大西洋的商船,为英国和苏联提供急需的物资和物资。法国的沦陷增加了德国U型潜艇在法国大西洋沿岸建造巨大的加强型潜艇围栏,使狼群能够在离家更远的地方作战。这些新基地加上补给船甚至补给潜艇网络,意味着潜艇舰队在整个战争中一直是一个威胁。
(While the German surface fleet fails to fulfil its potential, the same cannot be said of the U-boat fleet. Through vastly superior numbers, German U-boats are able to operate in wolf packs, hunting down the merchant convoys that cross the Atlantic supplying Britain and the Soviet Union with much needed materials and supplies. The Fall of France increases the danger presented by German U-boats as the Germans build huge, reinforced submarine pens along the French Atlantic coast, enabling the wolf packs to operate further from home.These new bases, combined with a network of resupply ships and even resupply submarines, mean that the U-boat fleets remain a constant threat throughout the war.)

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关注间谍
« 回帖 #6 于: 2021-08-26, 周四 14:35:46 »
关注间谍(EYE SPY)
到第二次世界大战开始时,间谍活动这一伟大游戏早已脱离萌芽状态,并在世界舞台上被每个国家所扮演,无论它们是否直接卷入冲突。以下是盟国和德国雇佣的各种情报机构的概况。
(By the beginning of the Second World War, the Great Game of espionage is long out of its infancy and being played upon the world stage by every nation, whether they are directly involved in the conflict or not. Below is an overview of the various intelligence agencies employed by the Allies and Germany.)

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英国情报局
« 回帖 #7 于: 2021-08-26, 周四 14:37:14 »
英国情报局(British Intelligence)
毫无疑问,英国人利用间谍活动来推进其政治、军事甚至经济目标的历史最为悠久,弗朗西斯·沃尔辛汉爵士的伊丽莎白时代外国和国内特工网络就是最早的例子之一。在接下来的几个世纪里,在基本上非正式的基础上运作,并使用外交官和驻外武官作为主要的特工,他们的活动主要限于完全敌对的时期。
(The British have, without a doubt, the longest history of using espionage to further their political, military, and even economic goals, with Sir Francis Walsingham’s Elizabethan network of foreign and domestic agents being one of the ear-liest examples. Operating on an essentially informal basis for the next few centuries, and using diplomats and military attachés as the main operatives, activity is largely restricted to periods of outright hostility.)
1909年,战争办公室授权成立特勤局(SSB),以协调情报界不断扩大的作用。国家安全局由一系列军事情报部门组成,并由一个前缀为“MI”的数字标识,其男性(以及后来的女性)来自陆军、海军和大都会警察部队,并在大战期间出色地服役。虽然SSB的几个部门在战争期间解散了,但是秘密情报局(SIS或MI6)和安全局(MI5)继续他们的工作。下面列出了在第二次世界大战期间运作的19个“官方”部门中的几个。关于其他的细节,请看《注意!克苏鲁:秘密战争的守密人指南》另一场秘密战争。
(In 1909, the War Office authorises the establishment of the Secret Service Bureau (SSB) to coordinate the ever-ex-panding role of the intelligence community. Organised into a series of military intelligence departments and identi-fied by a number with the prefix “MI”, the men (and later women) of the SSB are drawn from the ranks of the Army, Navy, and the Metropolitan Police, and serve with distinc-tion during the Great War. Though several departments of the SSB are dissolved during the inter-war period, the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, or MI6) and Security Ser-vice (MI5) continue their work. The list below highlights a few of the nineteen “official” departments operating during the Second World War. For details of the others, see The Other Secret War, Achtung! Cthulhu: the Keeper’s Guide to the Secret War.)
军情五处(MI5)。安全部门,负责国内安全和反间谍活动。                                                                                       
(MI5. The Security Service, responsible for internal secu-rity and counter-espionage.)
军情六处(MI6)。秘密情报局,负责收集外国情报。
(MI6. The Secret Intelligence Service, with jurisdiction over the collection of foreign intelligence.)
军情八处(MI8)。无线电安全局(RSS),负责监视和分析敌方情报的无线电传输。
(MI8. The Radio Security Service (RSS), responsible for monitoring and analysing radio transmissions for enemy intelligence.)
军情九处(MI9)。逃脱和逃避部门,负责为战俘研制和运送逃脱辅助设备。
(MI9. The Escape and Evasion department, responsible for developing and delivering escape aids to prisoners of war.)
军情十七处(MI17)。秘书处,为其他部门提供文书和行政辅助。
(MI17. The secretariat providing clerical and administra-tive support for the other departments.)
随着战争的阴霾笼罩着欧洲,维持和平的努力正在瓦解,政府采取措施建立新的情报部门,专门打击德国的侵略。其中第一个的活动,厄勒克特拉机构EH),被外交部认为是不绅士的,即使他们建立了它。从1938年开始运作,负责宣传的创造和传播,EH在其职权范围内并不算不成功。
(With the spectre of war looming over Europe and efforts to maintain peace crumbling, steps are taken to establish new intelligence departments specifically geared towards combat-ting German aggression. The activities of the first of these, Electra House (EH), are considered to be un-gentlemanly by the Foreign Office, even though they established it. Operating from 1938, and charged with the creation and dissemination of propaganda, EH is largely unsuccessful in its remit.)
SIS自己的破坏和宣传部门,D组,在EH之后不久就成立了。与军事情报室(MI-R)游击战争科一道,这三个部门在几乎没有官方支持的情况下,以有限的预算开展工作,而且经常有交叉目的,D组和EH科经常重复宣传活动。这些办公室的调查结果参差不齐,而D组在早期的破坏行动中常常失败。MI-R取得了更大的成功,并有助于创建独立连,进而形成突击队的基础,以及帮助训练辅助单位,英国的秘密抵抗军(见第46页)。
(Section D, SIS’ own sabotage and propaganda arm, is set up not long after EH. Along with MI-R, the guerrilla warfare section, the three departments work on shoestring budgets with little official support and frequently at cross-purposes, with Section D and EH often duplicating propaganda oper-ations. Results from these offices are mixed, and Section D is often unsuccessful in its early sabotage missions. MI-R shows greater success, and is instrumental in the creation of the Independent Companies that go on to form the basis of the Commandos, as well as helping to train the Auxiliary Units, Britain’s secret resistance army (see p.46).)
1939年末,意识到某些行动超出了常规情报和间谍部门的权限,导致D组的姐妹组织M组成立,开始负责调查和处理德国隐匿和神秘团体日益增长的威胁。M组从一开始就是多国事务,M组有自己的特种部队密切支持,是绰号为“獾突击队”的部队,它以他们的首领,上尉埃里克“獾”哈里斯命名。关于M组的更多细节,请参阅《注意!克图鲁:秘密战争的守密人指南》秘密和神秘社团。
(Late in 1939, having realised that certain operations are beyond the purview of the regular intelligence and espio-nage services, enquiries are begun that lead to the foundation of Section M, Section D’s sister organisation charged with investigating and dealing with the growing threat from German occult and mystical groups. A multinational affair from the outset, Section M is closely supported by its own Special Service Unit, nick-named “Badger’s Commandos” after their leader, Captain Eric “Badger” Harris. For further details on Section M, see Secret and Occult Societies, Ach-tung! Cthulhu: the Keeper’s Guide to the Secret War.)
法国沦陷后,丘吉尔于1940年7月下令建立一个单一的破坏组织,下令“点燃欧洲”,导致D、EH和MI-R部门的合并,并诞生了英国特别行动处(SOE)。只有M组和MI-R的研究部门保持分离,MI-R的修补匠和研究员们将继续形成被称为“丘吉尔玩具店”的MD1。
(After the Fall of France, in July 1940 Churchill orders the establishment of a single sabotage organisation with orders to “set Europe ablaze”, leading to the integration of Section D, EH, and MI-R, and the birth of the Special Operations Executive (SOE). Only Section M and MI-R’s research unit remain separate, with the tinkerers and boffins from MI-R going on to form what will become known as “Churchill’s Toyshop”, MD1.)
该部门被称为SOE,因为新总部的位置,也被称为贝克街非正规军,最初被分为三个部门:SO1(宣传)、SO2(主动行动)和SO3(规划)。然而,SO3很快被吸收到SO2中,SO1在年内成为政治战争行政部(PWE)。SOE们的主要任务是破坏和颠复德国的战争活动,以铁路网、工业目标和纳粹军事基础设施为目标,阻碍他们的行动。由于工作所在国的政治环境往往复杂,每个国家往往有多个SOE部门来确保协调;仅法国就有六个。
(The department which emerges as the SOE, also known as the Baker Street Irregulars after the location of its new headquarters, is initially organised into three sections: SO1 (propaganda), SO2 (active operations), and SO3 (plan-ning). However, SO3 is quickly absorbed into SO2, and SO1 becomes the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) within the year. The SOE’s main task is the sabotage and subversion of the German war effort, targeting rail networks, industrial targets, and the Nazi military infrastructure to hamper their operations. Due to the often complex political landscapes of the countries in which they are working, there are frequently multiple SOE sections per country to ensure co-ordination; France alone has six.)
虽然SOE在被占领领土上基本没有什么特工,但很快整个欧洲就有了一个强大的间谍、线人和破坏者网络。该组织也不太容易受到几乎完全从体制内中招募人才所造成的问题的影响,这些公立学校的熟练人手反而会在军事情报上显得碍手碍脚,该组织转而利用英国社会的各个阶层来填补他们的队伍,甚至包括犯罪团伙。这也是英国军方为数不多的接受女性从事现役野外工作的部门之一。每名新兵都要接受强化训练,内容包括各种作战方式、战场躲避敌人的方法、爆破和破坏的技术、无线电操作、密码学以及相当重要的伞降训练。
(Although the SOE has few agents in the occupied ter-ritories upon its foundation, there is soon a robust network of spies, informers, and saboteurs all across Europe. The organisation is also less susceptible to the problems caused by recruiting almost exclusively from the “Old Boys Net-work” of public school acquaintances that hampers military intelligence, instead drawing on all sections of British society to fill their ranks, even the criminal fraternity. It is also one of the few arms of the British military to accept women for active field work. Each new recruit undergoes an intensive training programme, covering a variety of combat styles, ways of avoiding the enemy once in the field, demolition and sabotage techniques, radio operation, cryptography, and the rather essential parachute training.)
武装力量(THE ARMED FORCES)
相当令人困惑的是,英国军方在军事情报部门提供的情报之外维持自己的情报行动。陆军情报团(AIC)成立于1914年第一次世界大战开始时,1929年解散,1940年7月重新启用。当SOE在被占领的欧洲进行肮脏的战争时,AIC的人通过他们的翻译、图像分析和,以及信号拦截装置。与其他军事情报部门一样,陆军情报部门往往看不起他们的SOE同事,在整个战争期间,尽管许多AIC特工在被占领土,特别是在欧洲和远东地区加入了SOE行动,但他们对分享信息保持缄默。X站大约40%的陆军人员属于情报团。
(Rather confusingly, the British military maintains its own intelligence operations outside those provided by the MI departments. The Army’s Intelligence Corps (AIC) is formed in 1914 at the outset of World War One, only to be dis-banded in 1929, prior to reactivation in July 1940. While the SOE conduct their dirty war in occupied Europe, the men of the AIC focus their efforts on supporting the British Army through their ranks of interpreters, imagery analysts, and signals interception units. Along with the other military intelligence arms, Army Intelligence tends to look down upon their SOE colleagues, and throughout the war there exists a reticence to share information, despite many AIC operatives joining SOE operations in occupied territories, particularly in Europe and the Far East. Approximately forty percent of the Army personnel at Station X belong to the Intelligence Corps.)
顾名思义,AIC从战略和战术两个层面支持陆军。在战略层面上,他们在照片分析和解释方面的工作证明在确定雷达地点以及在确定V1火箭地点方面提供必要的支持方面是非常宝贵的。在战术层面,AIC拥有一支被委婉地称为“金酒宫”的车队,配备了无线电探测设备,用于拦截和定位敌方的无线电发射机。
(As their name suggests, the AIC operate at both a stra-tegic and tactical level to support the Army. At the strategic level, their work in photographic analysis and interpretation proves invaluable in identifying, amongst other things, radar sites, as well as providing essential support in locating V1 rocket sites. At the tactical level, the AIC maintains a fleet of vehicles known euphemistically as “Gin Palaces”, packed with radio detection equipment to intercept and locate enemy radio transmitters.)
海军情报部(NID),最初于1882年作为外国情报委员会成立,由于它位于海军部,所以也被称为“39号房间”。它可能是英国军事情报部门中最古老的一个,多年来,它的角色已经从一个负责情报收集的海军人事部门,转变为一个只专注于秘密行动的部门。与其他军种不同的是,海军情报部门不在战术层面上运作,仅限于提供有关敌舰动向的战略情报和分析敌方信号。它是1942年成立特别情报组的幕后黑手,后来成为第30突击部队,突击队的一部分。
(The Naval Intelligence Division (NID), initially estab-lished as the Foreign Intelligence Committee in 1882, is also known as “Room 39” due to its location in the Admiralty. Probably the oldest of the British military intelligence depar-ments, its role has changed over the years from that of a naval staffing department with an intelligence-gathering remit, to one focussed solely on covert operations. Unlike the other services, Naval Intelligence does not operate at a tactical level, restricting itself to providing strategic intelligence regarding enemy ship movements and analysing enemy signals. It is behind the formation of the Special Intelligence Unit in 1942, which later becomes 30 Assault Unit, part of the Commandos.)
英国皇家空军情报部门是英国军种中最年轻的一支情报部门,其正式历史可以追溯到1939年,尽管它的起源可以追溯到英国皇家飞行队的侦察活动。在第二次世界大战期间,它接管了X站的信号情报控制权,并继续发挥分析和解释空中侦察图像的作用,在白金汉郡梅德门纳姆的皇家空军工作,后来被称为中央解释小组(CIU)。作为布莱奇利公园的姐妹组织,这个单位包括轰炸机指挥部损伤评估科和英国皇家空军的夜间摄影解析科。
(The youngest of the British services, the RAF’s Intel-ligence Branch officially dates from 1939, although it can trace its roots back to the origins of the service itself in the Royal Flying Corps’ reconnaissance activities. During World War Two, it takes over control of Signals Intelligence at Station X, as well as continuing in its role of analysing and interpreting aerial reconnaissance images, working from RAF Medmenham in Buckinghamshire in what becomes known as the Central Interpretation Unit (CIU). A sister organi-sation to Bletchley Park, this unit incorporates the Bomber Command Damage Assessment Section and the RAF’s Night Photographic Interpretation Section.)
大不列颠空战带来了额外的责任,因为英国皇家空军情报人员在审讯在英国上空被击落的敌方飞行员。随着战争朝向的转变,盟军开始对德国和被占领的欧洲进行突袭,英国皇家空军情报部门还发展了一个特工网络,与SOE和当地抵抗力量合作,为被击落的盟军飞行员提供帮助,帮助他们逃脱德军的抓捕,以便他们能够返回家园。
(The Battle of Britain brings additional responsibilities, as RAF Intelligence operatives take on the interrogation of enemy airmen shot down over the UK. As the war begins to turn and the Allies start to carry out raids over Germany and occupied Europe, RAF Intelligence also develops a network of operatives, in conjunction with SOE and local resistance, to provide downed Allied airmen with assistance in escap-ing capture by German forces so that they can return home.)
SOE的主要任务是破坏和颠复德国的战争活动…妨碍他们的行动。
(The SOE’s main task is the sabotage and subversion of the German war effort... to hamper their operations.)

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大男孩的玩具
« 回帖 #8 于: 2021-08-26, 周四 14:37:32 »
大男孩的玩具(Big Boys’ Toys)
除了国防部1(MD1),还有海军部的杂项武器发展部(DMWD),更为人熟知的部门是插科打诨局。他们都负责为正规和非正规英军设计武器装备
(Besides Ministry of Defence 1 (MD1), there is also the Admiralty’s Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development (DMWD), better known as the Depart-ment of Wheezers and Dodgers. Both are charged with designing weaponry for both the regular and irregular British forces)

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美国情报局
« 回帖 #9 于: 2021-08-26, 周四 14:38:27 »
美国情报局(US Intelligence)
直到19世纪末,随着海军情报局(ONI)和陆军军事情报司(MID)的成立,美国情报局才正式成立,尽管自美国诞生以来就存在非正式情报组织一直存在。ONI在二战期间继续提供世界范围的情报,而MID经历了多次重组,最终在日本偷袭珍珠港前一个月,成为军事情报部门和成立第四军情报学校。
(It is only in the late 19th Century that the American intel-ligence services are formally established with the creation of the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) and the Army’s Military Intelligence Division (MID), although informal operations have existed since the birth of the nation. ONI continues to provide world-wide intelligence throughout the Great War and into World War Two, while MID undergoes a number of reorganisations, eventually becoming the Mili-tary Intelligence Service and, one month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Fourth Army Intelligence School.)
战略情报局(THE OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES)
罗斯福总统对ONI和MID明显缺乏间谍和反间谍活动表示关切,委托威廉“西部佬”多诺万起草一份战略,以建立一个中央情报局,能够承担的特殊行动,如果美国将要进入战争类型的必要。根据他的报告,多诺万于1941年被任命为信息协调员,到1942年年中,战略情报局(OSS)成立。
(President Roosevelt, concerned at the demonstrable lack of espionage and counter-espionage activity carried out by ONI and MID, commissions William “Wild Bill” Donovan to draft a strategy for the creation of a central intelligence service capable of undertaking the type of special operations necessary if the United States is going to enter the war. Based on the strength of his report, Donovan is appointed Coordinator of Information in 1941, and by mid-1942 the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) is founded.)
与英国的SOE一样,OSS也参与了间谍活动和破坏活动,并承担了额外的抵抗宣传责任。它也遭受小规模竞争,在这种情况下与 FBI、MID 和 ONI,它们都在为保护其现有的指挥区域而战。这导致多诺万将 OSS 的重点放在实地的积极行动上,在每一个可进入的战区都有特工,通常与他们的 SOE 兄弟合作。然而,由于英国人对美国人缺乏经验的偏见,以及美国人对他们更年长的英国表亲的依赖性的担忧,这两个机构之间最初的关系有时令人担忧。
(Like its British counterpart, the SOE, the OSS is involved in espionage and sabotage, with additional responsi-bility for black propaganda. It, too, suffers from petty rivalries, in this case with the FBI, the MID, and the ONI, which all fight to protect their existing areas of command. This leads to Donovan focussing the OSS on active operations in the field, with agents present in every accessible theatre of war, often working in cooperation with their SOE bretheren. However, the initial relationship between the two agencies is occasionally fraught, hampered by British prejudices con-cerning American inexperience, and American concerns over dependency on their more senior British cousin.)
三分之二的 OSS 特工来自美国陆军和陆军空军的军官和士兵。 四分之一的平民拥有秘密行动所需的技能和人脉,他们在招募时被授予相应的军衔。 其余的来自海军、海军陆战队和美国海岸警卫队。 与 SOE 一样,OSS 也拥有一支庞大的女性队伍。
(Two thirds of all OSS agents are drawn from the officers and enlisted men of the US Army and Army Air Force. One quarter is made up from civilians possessing the skills and contacts needed for covert operations who, on recruitment, are given commensurate military rank. The remainder come from the Navy, Marines, and US Coast Guard. Like the SOE, the OSS has a large female contingent.)
与它的英国表亲一样,OSS也有一个姐妹组织,负责管理轴心国部队和其内部各种敌人发起的更深奥的威胁。绝密档案(MJ),正如大家所知,是由多诺万在OSS成立的同时成立的,但在很大程度上独立于其封面组织运营。它与欧洲盟国的关系也更加友好,因为它的许多员工最初在M组工作。有关绝密档案的更多详细信息,请参阅:《注意!克苏鲁:秘密战争的守密人指南》秘密和神秘社团。
(Also like its British cousin, the OSS has a sister organ-isation tasked with managing the more esoteric threats mounted by the Axis forces and various enemies within. Majestic (MJ), as the group is known, is established by Donovan at the same time as the OSS, but is run largely independently of its cover organisation. It also enjoys far friendlier relations with its European allies, as many of its staff work initially for Section M. For further details on Majestic, see Secret and Occult Societies, Achtung! Cthulhu: the Keeper’s Guide to the Secret War.)
联邦调查局(THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION)
FBI在约翰·埃德加·胡佛的注视下,既是联邦刑事调查部门,也是美国的反间谍机构。 在战争爆发之前,FBI主要专注于打击有组织犯罪以及内部安全,但随着轴心国无情地横扫欧洲,其职责迅速升级。 在国内,它的注意力集中在有潜在危险的德国、意大利和日本国民身上,珍珠港事件后对日本公民进行了积极的拘留活动
(The FBI, under the watchful gaze of J. Edgar Hoover, oper-ates as both a federal criminal investigation unit and the United States’ counter-espionage agency. Before the out-break of war, the FBI is largely focused on the fight against organised crime, as well as internal security, but as the Axis powers march inexorably across Europe, its responsibilities rapidly escalate. On the homefront, its attention is focussed on potentially dangerous German, Italian, and Japanese nationals, with an active internment campaign against Jap-anese citizens taking place after Pearl Harbor.)
在美国以外,联邦调查局的作用相当有限,尽管他们已经成立了特别情报局,在拉丁美洲和南美洲开展行动,指示密切监视迅速扩大的德国间谍团体。不寻常的是,他们与绝密档案的关系相当好,信息共享程度相对较高,尤其是在“不寻常”材料方面。
(Outside of the United States, the FBI has a fairly restricted role, although they have formed the Special Intel-ligence Service to operate in Latin and South America, with instructions to closely monitor the rapidly expanding German spy community. Unusually, their relationship with Majestic is quite good, with a relatively high degree of information-shar-ing, particularly when it comes to “unusual” material.)